Bacterial Vascular Necrosis

(click image to enlarge) Symptoms:
• Necrotic leaf tissue
• Black streaks in petioles & discoloration of vascular tissue
• Signs of bacterial fermentation on crown (frothing)
• Advanced stage results in wilting

Epidemiology:
• Favored by injuries to above ground plant parts (frequently seen after a hail storm)
• Warmer temperatures (61-86° F) with severe symptoms between 75-86° F
• Wet conditions
• Higher nitrogen levels (surplus)
• Spread as aerosol in wind-driven rain and overhead irrigation

Control:
• Control overhead irrigation to minimize leaf wetness
• Increase air circulation by reducing stand